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Presidential Policy Directive 20 (PPD-20), provides a framework for U.S. cybersecurity by establishing principles and processes. Signed by President Barack Obama in October 2012, this directive supersedes National Security Presidential Directive NSPD-38. Integrating cyber tools with those of national security,〔EPIC. (n.d.). (Presidential directives and cybersecurity ). ''EPIC''. Retrieved from http://epic.org/privacy/cybersecurity/presidential-directives/cybersecurity.html.〕 the directive complements NSPD-54/Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-23. Classified and unreleased by the National Security Agency (NSA), NSPD-54 was authorized by George W. Bush.〔 It gives the U.S. government power to conduct surveillance〔Electronic Privacy Information Center. (n.d.). (EPIC v. NSA - Cybersecurity Authority ). ''EPIC''. Retrieved from http://epic.org/privacy/nsa/epic_v_nsa.html.〕 through monitoring.〔 Its existence was made public in June 2013 by former intelligence NSA infrastructure analyst Edward Snowden. == Background == Because of private industry, and issues surrounding international and domestic law,〔Barnard-Wills, D. & Ashenden, D. (2012). (Securing virtual space cyber war, cyber terror, and risk ). ''Space and culture, 15''(2), p. 110-123. doi:10.1177/1206331211430016.〕 public-private-partnership became the, "cornerstone of America's cybersecurity strategy".〔White House. (2003, February). (The National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace ) (Rep.). Retrieved from http://www.us-cert.gov/reading_room/cyberspace_strategy.pdf.〕 Suggestions for the private sector were detailed in the declassified 2003,〔Scahill, J. (2013). (The world is a battlefield ). Nation Books.〕 National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace. Its companion document, National Security Presidential Directive (NSPD-38), was signed in secret by George W. Bush the following year.〔 Although the contents of NSPD 38 are still undisclosed,〔 the U.S. military did not recognize cyberspace as a "theater of operations" until the U.S. National Defense Strategy of 2005.〔 The report declared that the, "ability to operate in and from the global commons-space, international waters and airspace, and cyberspace is important ... to project power anywhere in the world from secure bases of operation."〔(The National Defense Strategy of the United States of America ) (Rep.) (2005, March). Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/dod/nds-usa_mar2005.htm.〕 Three years later, George W. Bush formed the classified Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI). Citing economic and national security, the Obama administration prioritized cybersecurity upon taking office.〔Krebs B. (2009, May 29). (Obama: Cyber security is a national priority ). ''Washington Post''. Retrieved from http://voices.washingtonpost.com/securityfix/2009/05/obama_cybersecurity_is_a_natio.html.〕 After an in-depth review of the, "communications and information infrastructure,"〔White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2009, April 17). (Statement by the Press Secretary on conclusion of the cyberspace review ) (release ). Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Statement-by-the-Press-Secretary-on-Conclusion-of-the-Cyberspace-Review.〕 the CNCI was partially declassified and expanded under President Obama.〔Vijayan, J. (2010, March 2). (Obama administration partially lifts secrecy on classified cybersecurity project ) ''Computerworld''. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Statement-by-the-Press-Secretary-on-Conclusion-of-the-Cyberspace-Review.〕 It outlines "key elements of a broader, updated national U.S. cybersecurity strategy."〔White House. (n.d.). (The Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative ). ''The White House''. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/issues/foreign-policy/cybersecurity/national-initiative.〕 By 2011, the Pentagon announced its capability to run cyber attacks.〔Nakashima, E. (2011, November 15). (Pentagon: Cyber offense part of U.S. strategy ). ''Washington Post''. Retrieved from http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2011-11-15/news/35284321_1_cyberspace-new-report-cyberwarfare.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Presidential Policy Directive 20」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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